Las puertas de la percepción

La función del cerebro, el sistema nervioso y los órganos sensoriales es principalmente eliminiativa, no productiva. Cada persona, en cada momento, es capaz de recordar cuanto le ha sucedido y de percibir cuanto está sucediando en cualquier parte del universo.

La función del cerebro y del sistema nervioso es protegernos, impedir que quedemos abrumados y confundidos por esta masa de conocimientos en gran parte inútiles y sin importancia, dejando fuera la mayor parte de lo que de otro modo percibiríamos o recordaríamos en cualquier momento y admitiendo únicamente la muy reducida y especial selección que tiene probabilidades de sernos prácticamente útil. Conforme a esta teoría, cada uno de nosotros es potencialmente Inteligencia Libre. Pero, en la medida en que somos animales, lo que nos importa es sobrevivir a todo costa. Para que la supervivencia biológica sea posible, la Inteligencia Libre tiene que ser regulada mediante la válvula reducidora del cerebro y el sistema nervioso.
Para formular y expresar el contenido de este reducido conocimiento, el hombre ha inventado esos sistemas de símbolos y filosofías implícitas que denominan lenguajes.

Cada individuo se convierte en seguida en el beneficiario y la víctima de la tradición lingüística en la que ha nacido.

Aldous Huxley, Las puertas de la percepción

The title comes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell:

"If the doors of perception were cleansed every thing would appear to man as it is, infinite. For man has closed himself up, till he sees all things through narrow chinks of his cavern."

Dharma: El camino

Budha called his teaching Dharma. It is the path you tread when you understand the Four Noble Truths. Dharma is an old Hindu term that the Bhagavd Gita uses in contrast to Karma. When Budhism spread to China and mixed with Tao to form Zen, Dharma gave way to its Chinese equivalent: Tao. Tao is the path of Dharma. It means both the particular right path - your strategy - that you follow in any circumstance and the general discipline of always following the right path. You follow Dharma - Tao in a particular moment but also throughout your life. Rather than pick either of these names, let's call it by the usual translation of "Tao" into English: the Way.

The Way avoids a certain kind of conflict: Karma versus Dharma. You must find a Dharma that fits your Karma. Your Karma is the full set of circumstances the universe presents to you that are beyond your control. Your Dharma is your own set of thoughts and actions. These are within your control. You find your Way by sorting out what what exactly is withing your control rather than what you most desire. You do what you can, not what you want. Your Dharma follows your Karma, not your desires.


I had few really definite ideas, and the reason for this was that, instead of obstinately seeking to control circumstances, I obeyed them.

The fact was that I was not a master of my action, because I was not insane as to attempt to bend events to conform to my policies, I bent my policies to accord with the unforseen shape of events.
Napoleon

Beginner's mind is exactly Von Clausewitz's presence of mind. It does not mean that you fail to master your craft. It is a step beyond mastery, when you clear your mind of all you know the moment you step onto the field of battle. Otherwise, you carry thoughts into the battle based on the wrong karma. You cannot fully know what forces are in play in the battle - what moves you will need, what goal you must set - until you reach the moment of the battle itself. And as all life is a battle - that is, a field for action of some kind - you aim to achieve beginner's mind as a permanent mental state.

William Duggan, Strategic Intuition, 75.

Problem solving

Gary Klein observa un patrón general entre los expertos. Ellos no definen un objetivo primero y luego planean las actividades para llegara ese objetivo. Sino que las acciones y el objetivo llegan juntos:


"What triggers active problem-solving is the ability to recognize when a goal is reachable. There must be an experiential ability to judge the solvability of problems prior to working on them. Experience lets us recognize the existence of opportunities. When the opportunity is recognized, the problem solver working out its implications is looking for a way to make good use of it, trying to shape it into reasonable goal."

Gary Klein, Sources of Power, 125.

Simon found that expert chess players do consider multiple options, but in sequence, not all together. They think through the first option that strikes them as promising. In thinking it through they might see a major flaw and give it up. Or it suffices and they go ahead and do it. If they give up, they think through the next option that strickes them as promising. And so on through the game. They don't compare several options against each other. And where does each option come from? They recognize elements from previous games the have seen or played. Simon explained:

In particular, recognition of familiar patterns is a major component of expert skill, and experts can consequently replace a great deal of heuristic search with solutions, or partial solutions, thay they discover by recognition. Moreover, problem solving by recognition has all the characteristics of what is usually called "intuitive", "judgmental", or even "creative" problem solving. The experimental data show that masters and grandmasters search very selectively, using their recognition of cues to guide the selectivity. They search the right part of the space of possible move sequences, achieving great computational efficiency.
Herbert A. Simon, Models of thought: Volume 2

Discurso de Steve Jobs

STAY HUNGRY, STAY FOOLISH

I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.

The first story is about connecting the dots.

I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?

It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.

And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.

It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:

Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.

None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.

Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something - your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.

My second story is about love and loss.

I was lucky Ð I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation - the Macintosh - a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.

I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me Ð I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.

I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.

During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I retuned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.

I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle.

My third story is about death.

When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.

Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything Ð all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.

About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.

I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now.

This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:

No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.

Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma - which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of other's opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.

When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.

Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.

Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.

Thank you all very much.

Steve Jobs - Graduate Speach At Stanford University

Data Visualization

Este es un excelente ejemplo de cómo comunicar y facilitar el aprendizaje. Aparte de excelente orador, Hans Rosling permite un mejor entendimiento de las estadísticas a través de un software que facilita la visualización y el manejo de objetos.
Esto me lleva a pensar en la importancia en el momento de comunicar una idea, un proyecto, conocimientos. Hay que dedicar más tiempo del que uno supone a la preparación de una presentación para lograr comunicar efectivamente.

La sociedad del conocimiento

Estreno de Blog

Finalmente tengo mi propio blog. Ahora hay que ponerse a trabajar!

Los sabelotodos consumados

Encontré esta poesía en el blog de Edgardo Donato y me sentí muy identificada. Qué tan seguido cuestionamos en lugar de aceptar? Qué tan seguido dejamos fluir nuestros sentidos?
Esta poesía habla de las personas aprendientes, aquellas que se oponen a los sabelotodos consumados.

"... Él es claro, pensando en imágenes claras,
yo soy lento, pensando en imágenes borrosas.

Él se vuelve embotado, creyendo en sus imágenes claras,
yo me vuelvo agudo, descreyendo de mis imágenes borrosas.

Creyendo en sus imágenes, él las asume relevantes,
descreyendo de mis imágenes, yo cuestiono su relevancia.

Al asumir su relevancia, él asume los hechos,
al cuestionar la relevancia, yo cuestiono los hechos.

Cuando los hechos lo traicionan, él cuestiona sus sentidos,
cuando los hechos me traicionan, yo apruebo mis sentidos.

Él continúa rápido, embotado con sus imágenes claras,
Yo continúo lento, agudo con mis imágenes borrosas.

Él, en una nueva confusión de su entendimiento;
Yo, en un nuevo entendimiento de mi confusió